Melasma is one of the most common acquired pigmentary disorders, which is characterized by symmetric hyperpigmentation, and manifested as brown macules and patches on sun-exposed areas of the face and neck.  Melasma affects all races, but is dominant among Hispanic, Asian and African-American women, especially population with darker skin, corresponding to Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI.

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a synthetic lysine analogue mainly developed by Japanese scientists and widely used due to its anti thrombotic and anti fibrinolytic properties.⁹ It effectively reduces melanogenesis in melanocytes and inhibits UV-induced pigmentation in guinea pigs,¹⁰ although the exact mechanism of TXA in reducing melasma hyperpigmentation is still being studied. A large number of studies have shown that oral and local administration of TXA in the treatment of melasma has good efficacy and tolerance,^11, 12 our earlier meta-analysis also corroborated these findings.¹³ Some novel methods, such as intradermal by microinjection or transepidermal by microneedling (mesotherapy), have captured the attention of clinicians due to the potential of adverse events caused by oral use and the low permeability of topical use. For complete studies, open link below:

REFERENCE:   Xiaowei Feng MD, Hong Su MD, Jinwei Xie MD, PhD

https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15965